Vlk dravý
Vlk je moje najobľúbenejšie zviera 
.Takže vám o ňom niečo napíšem.
Vlk dravý (Canis lupus) je druh cicavca z čeľade psovité.Rozlišuje sa asi 39 poddruhov vlka dravého, nie všetky sú však žijúce. Najbežnejší poddruh sa nazýva vlk dravý euráziský (Canis lupus lupus). Vlk sa považuje za priameho predka psa domáceho ktorý sa na genetickom základe psa podieľal najvýznamnejším dielom.
V minulosti obývali vlky veľké oblasti Severnej Ameriky, Európy, Ázie či Blízkeho Východu. Rozširovaním ľudského osídlenia z mnohých území postupne vymizli. Hlavnými príčinami ich odstrelu boli škody, ktoré spôsobovali pastierom zabíjaním dobytka, strach obyvateľstva, že vlk je pre človeka nebezpečný, ale aj zárobok a úžitok zo surovín z vlka. Pôvodný biotop vlka bol v každom krajinnom type. V dnešnej dobe žijú vlky v rozsiahlych častiach Ruska, Európy a Kanady. Celkovo vlk nie je považovaný za ohrozený druh, aj keď niektoré lokálne populácie sú na pokraji vyhynutia. V posledných rokoch je trendom opätovná introdukcia vlkov do oblastí, kde už dlho nežijú (napríklad do Yellowstonského národného parku v USA).
Veľkosť vlka závisí od druhu, množstva potravy a zemepisnej šírky. V južnejších zemepisných šírkach bývajú vlky spravidla menšie ako na severe. Najväčšie vlky žijú na Sibíri a v Kanade, kde dosahujú hmotnosť okolo 80 kg až nad 100 kg (počet týchto jedincov je však aj v týchto oblastiach nízky). Samice vážia asi o 60% menej ako samce. Priemerná váha sa podľa druhu pohybuje od 30 do 80 kg. Výška v ramene je 80 až 105 cm. Tým sa stávajú najväčšou psovitou šelmou. Ich veľkosť ešte znásobuje srsť, ktorá je v zime dlhá až 6 cm. Hriva je 15 cm široká a srsť na nej dosahuje dĺžku od 10 cm do 13 cm. Chlpy na nej vyrastajú zo svalu, ktorý ich umožňuje podvihnúť, čím vytvára dojem ešte väčšej veľkosti. Vzdialenosť od nosa po koniec chvosta sa pohybuje od 180 až 270 cm, pričom chvost dosahuje dĺžku až 50, niekedy 60 cm. Veľkosť dospelého jedinca nadobudnú vlky za 1 rok od narodenia.
V porovnaní so psom rovnakej veľkosti má vlk užšiu hruď, nohy sú v pomere k telu dlhšie a stopy ľavých a pravých nôh sú bližšie k sebe.Predné nohy majú väčšiu veľkosť ako zadné, pričom na predných je piaty prst uložený cca 5 cm nad labkou. Naježená srsť a špeciálna cirkulácia ich chráni pred zamrznutím. Pachové žľazy medzi prstami umožňujú vlkom lepšiu orientáciu a zároveň nimi aj informujú ostatných o svojom pohybe. Na rozdiel od človeka, vlk chodí iba po prstoch a nie po celom chodidle. Oblasť dotyku predných labiek so zemou je veľká, vďaka čomu môžu ľahšie prenášať váhu a pohybovať sa po snehu.
Čeľuste sa vyznačujú veľkou silou okolo 100 kg/cm², čím dokážu drviť kosti – pre porovnanie, nemecký ovčiak vyvinie len polovicu tejto sily. Chrup sa skladá zo 42 zubov: 20 v hornej a 22 v dolnej časti. Tesáky môžu dorastať až do dĺžky 6,5 cm, sú mierne zahnuté, široké a ostré.
Farba vlka sa líši: môže byť sivá, biela, čierna, červená, hnedá atď. Jednotlivé farby sa medzi jedincami miešajú, vo svorke nie sú všetky vlky rovnako sfarbené. Väčšina vlkov takisto nie je jednofarebná. Sfarbenie tiež súvisí s prostredím, kde žijú Vlk etiópsky-oranžový, Vlk arktický-biely. Pri narodení majú mláďatá spravidla tmavšiu srsť a modré oči, ktoré sa približne po 10 týždňoch zmenia na zlatožlté.
Najdôležitejšími zmyslami vlka sú čuch, sluch a zrak.ento zmysel hrá v živote vlkov veľmi dôležitú úlohu, pretože ním hľadajú korisť, čuchovými stopami si značia svoje územie a takisto sa ním aj navigujú. Oblasť nosa, ktorá zachytáva pachy, je u vlka až 14-krát väčšia ako u človeka a obsahuje 200 miliónov čuchových receptorov, zatiaľ čo ľudská má 5 miliónov. Vnímaniu pachu napomáha vlhký nos, ktorý rozpúšťa molekuly vzduchu a vnáša ich ku zmyslovým bunkám. V dobrých podmienkach vlky zavetria pach aj na 3 kilometre.Vlk počuje až do frekvencie 80 kHz a vie zamerať jeden konkrétny zvuk, pričom hluk utíši – umožňuje to sedemnásť svalov, ktoré hýbu ušnicou podľa potreby. Na otvorenom priestranstve počujú vlky do diaľky okolo 8 kilometrov.Zrak je veľmi ostrý a vyvinutý hlavne na vnímanie pohybu, na rozdiel od ľudského oka, ktoré je prispôsobené na vnímanie informácií. Preto vlk zvyčajne nehybné objekty prehliadne, ale aj nepatrný pohyb na väčšiu vzdialenosť zaznamená. Vlk vidí v tme lepšie ako človek vďaka inému farebnému spektru videnia. Zorný uhol vlka je 180º, jeho korisť má väčšinou zorný uhol okolo 300º, čo spôsobuje, že vlk je oproti svojej potencionálnej koristi v nevýhode.Oproti človeku je hmat vlka slabo vyvinutý.Podobne ako psy sú vlky citlivé na vibrácie, čím vedia rozpoznať napríklad blížiace sa zemetrasenie.
Dávne povesti o tom, ako vlčie svorky napádali a vyzabíjali celé dediny, alebo rozprávky ako Červená Čiapočka alebo Zlý vlk a tri prasiatka vštepujú každému dieťaťu pocit, že vlk je krvilačný a voči človeku agresívny.
Vlk je v skutočnosti veľmi plachý a človeka sa bojí. V súčasnosti je trendom propagácia jeho významu v prírodnom potravinovom reťazci. Na Slovensku s prítomnosťou vlka v naších lesoch súhlasí 57,6 % obyvaťeľstva. V USA so znovuprivedením vlka do Yellowstonského parku súhlasilo 73 % opýtaných respondentov
Obavy pastierov o dobytok sú pochopiteľné, ale z veľkej miery je zapríčinený nízkou úrovňou ochrany stád. Jedným z účinných spôsobov ochrany stád je používanie pastierskych strážnych psov na ich ochranu. Výskumy prípadov napadnutia stád potvrdili, že 80,6 % slovenských salašov mali v roku 2001 pastierskych strážnych psov uviazaných, čím bola znemožnená aktívna ochrana čried hospodárskych zvierat . V roku 2002 bolo len 28 zo 152 (18,4 %) čried zabezpečených nainštalovaním ochranných elektrických oplôtok. Aj napriek nižším bezpečnostným opatreniam zabili vlky na Slovensku v rokoch 2001-2003 iba 0,5 – 0,7 % oviec z celkového chovu oviec v oblasti výskytu týchto šeliem . To predstavovalo škodu vo výške medzi 3 – 4 miliónmi slovenských korún. Vhodným riešením krytia možných vzniknutých škôd na hospodárskych zvieratách je uzavretie príslušných poistných zmlúv.
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